These illustrations from William John Johnston’s Lightning Flashes and Electric Dashes from 1877 are the earlies examples of grawlixes to date on this page.
(found at see dailycartoonist)
This article https://blogs.kcl.ac.uk/english/2019/09/11/american-telegraphic-literature/ of Harriet Thompson @harriettho, connects these grawlixes with electricity and electricity with spirituality, as well explores the relation between gender and these new emerging technologies. I think both affirm my own observations that grawlixes resemble the 1900s idea of the spiritual in art and can also be seen as manifestations of patriarchic routines that are cut-off by some unexpected event. https://archive.org/details/ProgrammingWithGrawlixesPart3
metaphorical mapping:
electricity=affect
short circuit=grawlixes
#grawlixes #grawlix #emanata #cussing #marcvanelburg
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